加拿大研究生留學(xué)備考GRE閱讀however一定表反對(duì)么？

加拿大研究生留學(xué)GRE備考中、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系可以說是GRE閱讀的難點(diǎn)，不管是小白同學(xué)還是有過一些準(zhǔn)備的考生都曾在轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系上錯(cuò)過題。GRE閱讀

GRE閱讀誤區(qū)

在聽了一些同學(xué)對(duì)部分考轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的題目的剖析后我發(fā)現(xiàn)，很多同學(xué)的一個(gè)大誤區(qū)是：認(rèn)為文章只要讀到了轉(zhuǎn)折詞，例如However、but一類的詞組，就默認(rèn)后文是對(duì)前文的反對(duì)否定。

很多同學(xué)甚至?xí)雍芏喔呒?jí)的術(shù)語來定義自己的這種思路，例如將其稱之為“取反”云云（跑個(gè)題以防有上過我的課的同學(xué)看到這篇文：上課確實(shí)講過取反這個(gè)術(shù)語，但跟轉(zhuǎn)折詞用法是沒關(guān)系的）。

而不管把這種思路包裝的多么高級(jí)，這個(gè)思路本身是錯(cuò)的，即：出現(xiàn)however不等于一定后文否定前文。

來看一篇例題：

①Having a larger assortment to choose from increases consumers’expectations about matching their preferences.②The heightened expectations seem logical,since assortments containing more or more varied items should increase the degree to which preferences can be matched.③In practice,however,as assortment size increases,the degree to which consumers realize better preference matches often rises relatively little.(后文內(nèi)容省略，與本篇話題無關(guān))

這篇文章第一句陳述了一個(gè)事實(shí)信息，這句話的內(nèi)容本身相信大家都是可以看明白的：有更多的商品選擇增加了顧客對(duì)滿足自己喜好的期許。

但當(dāng)這篇文章有一題考察第一題的作用，卻有許多同學(xué)會(huì)做錯(cuò)：

2.Which of the following best describes the function of the first sentence in the author’s argument as a whole?

A.It states a premise on which the author’s conclusion is based

B.It provides information to support the inference made in the following sentence

C.It introduces a concept that the author proves is illogical

D.It summarizes a position that the author proceeds to dispute

E.It presents the phenomenon the argument is intended to explain

答案A學(xué)在加拿大

易錯(cuò)區(qū)

這題選錯(cuò)的同學(xué)許多都是錯(cuò)在了D選項(xiàng)，原因是錯(cuò)在未能準(zhǔn)確理解第三句的however：因?yàn)楹笪某霈F(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折，且however句是后文的主旨，因此誤認(rèn)為第三句是否定（dispute）了第一句。

而實(shí)際上，如果比較①③兩句，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它們講的并不是同一個(gè)場(chǎng)景：

第一句說的是顧客的心理期許（expectation about matching their preference）增高了。而第三句是說顧客是否真實(shí)被滿足(realize better preference)。

這兩句說的不是同一個(gè)話題，因此這里的however也不起到否定，而是“對(duì)比”的作用，是體現(xiàn)一個(gè)操作（增大選擇面）給顧客心理預(yù)期和實(shí)際滿意度的不同影響：前者顯著增大，后者則未必甚至還可能減少。

而如果是轉(zhuǎn)折詞表反對(duì)的用法的話，前后文應(yīng)該是同一個(gè)話題，例如前文說心理期許增大了，后文說“其實(shí)期許沒有增大”這才是反對(duì)（dispute）。

加拿大研究生留學(xué)備考GRE閱讀however一定表反對(duì)么？

解析

像這篇文中出現(xiàn)的轉(zhuǎn)折詞表示對(duì)比可以說是閱讀中轉(zhuǎn)折詞的常見四種用法之一，它的特點(diǎn)是出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折，但不表示否定，而與前文是順承關(guān)系。

從例題來看，正確答案A選項(xiàng)說第一句話It states a premise on which the author’s conclusion is based也是體現(xiàn)了這種順承關(guān)系。GRE備考

這篇文章所討論的轉(zhuǎn)折表對(duì)比的用法你學(xué)會(huì)了嗎？可以做做下面這一題鞏固一下。

Although vastly popular during its time,much nineteenth-century women’s fiction in the United States went unread by the twentieth-century educated elite,who were taught to ignore it as didactic.However,American literature has a tradition of didacticism going back to its Puritan roots,shifting over time from sermons and poetic transcripts into novels,which proved to be perfect vehicles for conveying social values.In the nineteenth century,critics reviled Poe for neglecting to conclude his stories with pithy moral tags,while Longfellow was canonized for his didactic verse.Although rhetorical changes favoring the anti-didactic can be detected as nineteenth-century American transformed itself into a secular society,it was twentieth-century criticism,which placed aesthetic value above everything else,that had no place in its doctrine for the didacticism of others.

1.Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence?

A.It explains why the fiction mentioned in the first sentence was not popular in the twentieth century.

B.It assists in drawing a contrast between nineteenth-century and twentieth-century critics.

C.It provides an example of how twentieth–century readers were taught to ignore certain literature.

D.It questions the usefulness of a particular distinction between Poe and Longfellow made by critics.

E.It explains why Poe’s stories were more popular than Longfellow’s verse during the nineteenth century.

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