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加拿大留學(xué)GMAT SC必考系列句子結(jié)構(gòu)

發(fā)布時(shí)間: 2022-07-27 15:21:10
摘要:
    句子結(jié)構(gòu)雖然在考試中直接考察的情況并不是很多,但是卻是理解句子意思時(shí)候最為重要的,也是很多考生最容易忽視的一個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)----大部分情況我們可能不需要?jiǎng)澐?..

       句子結(jié)構(gòu)雖然在考試中直接考察的情況并不是很多,但是卻是理解句子意思時(shí)候最為重要的,也是很多考生最容易忽視的一個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)----大部分情況我們可能不需要?jiǎng)澐志渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)也可以合理的理解句子意思,但是在遇到長(zhǎng)難句的時(shí)候,尤其是理解句子遇到困難的時(shí)候,清晰的劃分句子結(jié)構(gòu)就變得尤為重要,但很多學(xué)生卻在理解困難的時(shí)候,不會(huì)記得去劃分句子結(jié)構(gòu)

  首先,句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為:主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)(其中,部分完整的句子可以沒有賓語(yǔ)),這三個(gè)部分被視為句子的主干,也可以認(rèn)為是核心成分;

  主語(yǔ):可以為名詞,名詞短語(yǔ),數(shù)量詞,代詞,ving分詞短語(yǔ),不定式短語(yǔ),名詞性從句(主語(yǔ)從句)GMAT

  注意:介詞后面緊鄰的名詞,只能作為介詞短語(yǔ)的一部分,不能作為其他的成分

  主語(yǔ)的位置:通常位于句子開頭的部分,

  a)如果主語(yǔ)前面存在修飾成分,則在修飾成分結(jié)束后緊鄰的部分;比如:在主語(yǔ)前面存在

  短語(yǔ)修飾的情況,修飾短語(yǔ)后面緊鄰的名詞性成分則為主語(yǔ);如果句子開頭是一個(gè)從

  句,則對(duì)應(yīng)的主句的開頭即為主語(yǔ);

  b)如果存在倒裝,則建議把倒裝句調(diào)整為正常語(yǔ)序判斷主語(yǔ);

  謂語(yǔ):動(dòng)詞,動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)以及動(dòng)詞的不同時(shí)態(tài)的形式,或者助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞的對(duì)應(yīng)形式,比

  如have done..,will do…等

  注意:

  a)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式及過(guò)去分詞相同的時(shí)候,要注意區(qū)分,動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞單獨(dú)不能作為謂語(yǔ)

  動(dòng)詞的

  b)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)詞性分為兩種---及物動(dòng)詞,和不及物動(dòng)詞,其中注意及物動(dòng)詞的后面通常不

  能直接+介詞(除存在倒裝的情況外)

  例句:usher air…

  tips:當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面緊接一個(gè)從句的時(shí)候,句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞位于從句內(nèi)容全部結(jié)束之后

  例句1:Fossils of a whale that beached on an African shore more than a million

  years ago and was subsequently butchered by hominids have been

  recovered by paleontologists.

  在這個(gè)句子中,主語(yǔ)為fossils of a whale,謂語(yǔ)為have been recovered…,在主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之

  間為一個(gè)完整的定語(yǔ)從句,定語(yǔ)從句中還有兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞beached..和were butchered…,

  切記,不要把這兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞中的任何一個(gè)誤認(rèn)為是主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞

  例句2:First discovered more than 30 years ago,Lina's sunbird,a four-and-a-half-

  inch animal found in the Philippines and that resembles a hummingbird,has

  shimmering metallic colors on its head;a brilliant orange patch,bordered

  with red tufts,in the center of its breast;and a red eye.

  (B)found in the Philippines and that,resembling

  在這個(gè)句子的B選項(xiàng)中,先用B選項(xiàng)替換掉句子中劃線部分,然后再看整個(gè)句子的句子結(jié)

  構(gòu),會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)為L(zhǎng)ina's sunbird,原句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞has在B選項(xiàng)中,變成了and that..從句

  的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,從而導(dǎo)致句子缺少了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整

  相對(duì)的,其余的部分都可以視為修飾成分:

  A)修飾成分根據(jù)修飾對(duì)象的不同,可以分為定語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ),補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等,GMAT中對(duì)狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)考察很少,這里

  重點(diǎn)說(shuō)明一下定語(yǔ):用來(lái)修飾名詞的成分叫定語(yǔ);放在名詞的后面修飾名詞的成分,叫后置定語(yǔ);學(xué)在加拿大

  在GMAT中,我們最多考慮的是后置定語(yǔ):

  1)雖然后置定語(yǔ)位于名詞之后,但是理解句子意思的時(shí)候,需要把后置定于放在名詞的前面理解:

  例句:

  tips:

  a)動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(v+ed)自身含有被動(dòng)含義,因此ved分詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,表示被

  動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);

  b)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞(v+ing)表示主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài);

  2)后置定語(yǔ)是定語(yǔ)從句的省略形式,如果兩者都是正確的情況,優(yōu)先考慮后置定語(yǔ),當(dāng)然GMAT中目

  前沒有遇到這種情況,所以大家只要知道就可以了

  B)各種從句:在GMAT中,除了that引導(dǎo)的從句類型外,大部分情況都不需要記憶是何種從句類型,只需

  要看到從句引導(dǎo)詞時(shí),知道后面通常需要接從句,以及在句子中的作用即可,比如although(盡管,

  或雖然),表示讓步或轉(zhuǎn)折的;because(因?yàn)椋?,表示原因的;?

  GMAT中關(guān)于從句的核心考點(diǎn)請(qǐng)查看“從句”部分,有詳細(xì)講解;

  其中,注意,定語(yǔ)從句在理解的時(shí)候,同后置定語(yǔ)一樣,需要放置在名詞的前面進(jìn)行理解;

  C)根據(jù)在句子中的作用分,還包括:插入語(yǔ),同位語(yǔ),伴隨狀語(yǔ),結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),獨(dú)立主格等這幾個(gè)修飾成分考點(diǎn)都在前面有單獨(dú)的介紹,請(qǐng)參照各對(duì)應(yīng)的部分;

加拿大留學(xué)GMAT SC必考系列句子結(jié)構(gòu)

  修飾關(guān)系:

  1)在一個(gè)句子中,形容詞和冠詞向后修飾名詞;且形容詞,冠詞都只能修飾名詞,所以當(dāng)看到一個(gè)單詞前面用形容詞或者冠詞修飾的時(shí)候,表示核心詞為一個(gè)名詞;

  例句3:The market for so-called functional beverages,drinks that promise health benefits beyond

  their inherent nutritional value,nearly doubled over the course of four years,in rising

  from$2.68 billion in 1997 to be$4.7 billion in 2000.

  在這個(gè)句子中,so-called functional就是形容詞放在名詞的前面,修飾名詞beverages的情況;

  當(dāng)想要表達(dá)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的名詞意思的時(shí)候,如果動(dòng)詞存在名詞形式,或名詞意思,則通常不能用ving分詞替代名詞;

  例句4:The continental United States receives an average of 30 inches of precipitation a year;

  transpiration from soil and from plants returns approximately 21 of the 30 inches to the

  atmosphere,while the balance of 9 inches contributes to the flow of streams and rivers.

  (B)even though transpiration from soil and from plants returns approximately 21 of the

  30 inches to the atmosphere,the remainder of 9 inches contribute to the flowing

  在這個(gè)句子中,注意原句中的the flow和B選項(xiàng)中的the flowing..,其中B選項(xiàng)中想要用flowing表示名詞,但是因?yàn)閒low自身就含有名詞意思,因此,不能用flowing替代flow表示名詞;加拿大商科研究生

  2)句子主語(yǔ)前面的修飾成分,通??梢韵蚝笮揎椌渥又髡Z(yǔ);

  例句5:By skimming along the top of the atmosphere,a proposed new style of aircraft could fly

  between most points on Earth in under two hours,according to its proponents.

  在這個(gè)句子中,就是句子主語(yǔ)前面有一個(gè)修飾短語(yǔ)的情況;

  3)部分修飾成分不存在修飾對(duì)象,比如獨(dú)立主格,通常只是在句子意思上也與主句存在關(guān)聯(lián),因此沒有直接的語(yǔ)法上的修飾對(duì)象;一些類型的從句,比如because從句也僅僅與主句存在因果關(guān)系,因此也可以視為沒有直接的修飾對(duì)象;

  4)其他的修飾成分則通常向前修飾,比如后置定語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)從句,插入語(yǔ)等,其中:

  a)后置定語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)從句(偶爾可以跳過(guò)短的介詞短語(yǔ)修飾前面的名詞),插入語(yǔ)通常都臨近修飾前

  面的名詞;

  b)伴隨狀語(yǔ),結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),同位語(yǔ)等其他的修飾成分請(qǐng)查看各對(duì)應(yīng)部分,里面有詳細(xì)講解

  GMAT中,句子結(jié)構(gòu)方面的常見考點(diǎn):

  1)句子結(jié)構(gòu)的完整性:

  a)句子缺少謂語(yǔ);

  例句6:Research has shown that when speaking,individuals who have been blind from

  birth and have thus never seen anyone gesture nonetheless makehand motions

  just as frequently and in the same way as sighted people do,and that they will

  gesture even when conversing with another blind person.

  (B)have thus never seen anyone gesture but nonetheless make hand motions just

  as frequently and in the same way that sighted people do,and

  在這個(gè)例題的原句中,make作為shown that的that從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,但是在B選項(xiàng)中,因?yàn)?/p>

  make前面添加了but,使得shown that的that從句找不到對(duì)應(yīng)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞了;

  b)句子缺少主語(yǔ);

  例句7:New data from United States Forest Service ecologists show that for every dollar

  spent on controlled small-scale burning,forest thinning,and the training of fire

  management personnel,it saves seven dollars that would not be spent on having

  to extinguish big fires.

  (C)that for every dollar spent on controlled small-scale burning,forest thinning,

  and the training of fire-management personnel saves seven dollars on not

  having to extinguish

  在這個(gè)例題的C選項(xiàng)中的that從句內(nèi),謂語(yǔ)saves前面只有一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)for every dollar…

  personnel,找不到任何成分可以作為主語(yǔ),且that從句為賓語(yǔ)從句,不能用that指代名詞充當(dāng)主

  語(yǔ),因此句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整;

  c)句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整;

  例句8:Like English and Italian,each of which have elaborate rules for forming words and

  sentences,so sign languages have rules for individual signs and signed sentences.

  在這個(gè)句子中,so作為連詞,后面接了一個(gè)從句,因此在so前面需要存在一個(gè)主句,但原句中僅存

  在一個(gè)like…短語(yǔ),找不到主句,因此句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整

  d)句子意思表述不完整

  例句9:So dogged were Frances Perkins'investigations of the garment industry,and her

  lobbying for wage and hour reform was persistent,Alfred E.Smith and Franklin D.

  Roosevelt recruited Perkins to work within the government,rather than as a social

  worker.

  在這個(gè)句子中,and her lobbying….was persistent,中and的后面是一個(gè)完整的句子,但是and

  前面雖然也是一個(gè)句子,但是此句子的意思并未表達(dá)完整,正常語(yǔ)序?yàn)镕rances Perkins'

  investigations of the garment industry were so dogged..,根據(jù)句子意思可以判斷,此句子想

  要用so….that….的用法,但是在and前面that從句的部分并沒有表述出來(lái),因此句子結(jié)構(gòu)不完整,不能與完整的句子并列;

加拿大留學(xué)GMAT SC必考系列句子結(jié)構(gòu)

  2)修飾成分與被修飾對(duì)象

  a)修飾成分找不到修飾對(duì)象;

  例句10:The market for so-called functional beverages,drinks that promise health benefits

  beyond their inherent nutritional value,nearly doubled over the course of four

  years,in rising from$2.68 billion in 1997 to be$4.7 billion in 2000.

  E.rising from$2.68 billion in 1997 to

  在這個(gè)句子中,in rising from…in 2000,作為修飾成分(介詞短語(yǔ)),在句子中找不到對(duì)應(yīng)的修飾

  對(duì)象;in v+ing…的介詞短語(yǔ)通常理解為在…方面;

  正確選項(xiàng)E選項(xiàng)中rising from…則可理解為伴隨狀語(yǔ),與doubled同時(shí)發(fā)生,修飾句子主語(yǔ)the

  market

  b)修飾成分無(wú)法修飾可能的被修飾對(duì)象;

  例句11:In a speech before the Senate Banking Committee,the chairman of the Federal

  Reserve painted an optimistic picture of the economy,suggesting to investors the

  central bank in the near future is not lowering interest rates.

  C.which suggests that to investors in the near future interest rates will not be

  lowered by the central bank

  在這個(gè)例題的C選項(xiàng)中,which從句通常僅能臨近修飾前面的名詞economy,很明顯修飾關(guān)系不合

  理,不能是economy suggests that….;這個(gè)句子中,應(yīng)該是前面主句所描述的整件事表明…

  c)修飾成分的位置錯(cuò)誤,導(dǎo)致修飾關(guān)系不合理

  例句12:Making things even more difficult has been general market inactivity lately,if not

  paralysis,which has providedlittle in the way of pricing guidance.

  D.lately,general market inactivity,if not paralysis,has provided

  在這個(gè)例題原句中,lately(副詞)放在主語(yǔ)general market inactivity(名詞)后面,很明顯不能用

  來(lái)修飾主語(yǔ),因此lately在原句中的位置是錯(cuò)誤的;

  在正確選項(xiàng)D選項(xiàng)中,注意lately的被指被提前到了difficult的后面,用來(lái)修飾making…difficult這個(gè)

  分詞短語(yǔ),修飾關(guān)系是合理的

  d)修飾成分位置改變,導(dǎo)致無(wú)法修飾到原本的修飾對(duì)象,或者改變句子意思;

  例句13:Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action,especially if it has

  worked well in the past,makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or

  misinterpret them when they do appear.

  (C)An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to miss or

  misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear,especially if it has

  worked well in the past.

  在這個(gè)例題的C選項(xiàng)中,把原本臨近a course of action的插入語(yǔ)especially if it has worked well

  in the past,的位置改變了,放置在了句子結(jié)尾處,導(dǎo)致無(wú)法修飾到a course of action

  e)修飾成分導(dǎo)致句子意思不合理;

  例句14:In 2000,a mere two dozen products accounted for half the increase in spending

  on prescription drugs,a phenomenon that is explained not just because of more

  expensive drugs but by the fact that doctors are writing many more prescriptions

  for higher‐cost drugs.

  C.a phenomenon occurring not just because of drugs that are becoming more

  expensive but because of doctors having also written

  在這個(gè)例題的C選項(xiàng)中,because of drugs that are becoming more expensive,注意這個(gè)短語(yǔ),看起來(lái)結(jié)構(gòu)上沒有任何問(wèn)題,但是在理解句子意思的時(shí)候,僅能理解為“因?yàn)椋ㄗ兊迷絹?lái)越貴的)藥,注意,that are becoming more expensive需要放在drugs的前面理解----這樣把選項(xiàng)代回到句子中,整體句意就不合理了。

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