單復數(shù)一致:通常來講,大家第一時間會想到的就是主謂一致,也就是主語和謂語在單復數(shù)上保持一致;但在GMAT中,我們不僅僅需要考慮主語和謂語的單復數(shù)一致,還需要考慮句子中涉及的其他成分的單復數(shù)一致,比如代詞指代的時候,也要注意單復數(shù)一致等;
1)主語和謂語單復數(shù)一致:
a)最常見的主語為單數(shù)名詞,或不可數(shù)名詞,謂語為單數(shù);
b)如果不可數(shù)名詞后"+s"做主語,應被視為復數(shù)名詞,所以謂語需要用復數(shù);比如,numbers,waters等
例句1:The market for so-called functional beverages,drinks that promise health benefits beyond their inherent nutritional value,nearly doubled over the course of four years,in rising from$2.68 billion in 1997 to be$4.7 billion in 2000.
在這個句子中,drinks作為飲品理解的話,為一個不可數(shù)名詞,但是后面+s后,要看作可數(shù)名詞復數(shù),因此其后that從句的謂語動詞用了promise(原型,表示主語為復數(shù));
c)集合名詞作主語,需要判斷想要強調(diào)的意思(表示整體,還是表示集合里的具體人或事物),決定謂語的單復數(shù);(比如,class,staff,army)
例句:Using study groups managed by the principal popular organizations and political parties,the Swedish public was informed by the government about energy and nuclear power.
在這個句子中,主語the Swedish public(中的public為一個集合名詞---公眾)想要表達公眾這個整體,因此謂語動詞用單數(shù)was informed.. 加拿大GMAT
d)學科名詞作主語,通常謂語為單數(shù),但是當statistics和economics分別表示統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)和經(jīng)濟政策時,
需要用復數(shù);
e)專有名詞(通常句子中出現(xiàn)一串首字母大寫的單詞)作主語,謂語動詞通常用單數(shù);
例句:Thomas Mann's novel Doctor Faustus offers an examination not only of how difficult it is to reconcile reason,will,and passion together in any art form,but also a skillfully navigated exploration of the major concerns of modernism.
在這個句子中,主語Thomas Mann's novel Doctor Faustus的核心詞是是一本書的名字,我們可以看到很多大寫字母,所以謂語為單數(shù)offers;
f)A of B..結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時,通常情況下都是有A決定謂語的單復數(shù)(除了part of…,most of….,some of….,the rest of….等,由of后面的名詞決定謂語的單復數(shù)外)
例句:As with ants,the elaborate social structure of termites includes a few individuals reproducing and the rest serve the colony by tending juveniles,gathering food,building the nest,or battling intruders.
在這個句子中,主語為the elaborate social structure of termites為一個a of b結(jié)構(gòu)的名詞短語,根據(jù)規(guī)則,謂語需要有of前面的名詞保持一致,因此includes用了單數(shù)形式;(當然,這個題干的句子存在其他的錯誤,所以這個句子本身是錯誤的,但是主語和謂語單復數(shù)一致上是正確的)
加拿大商科研究生GMAT SC單復數(shù)一致問題
例句:Five hundred million different species of living creatures have appeared on Earth,nearly 99 percent of them vanishing.
D.Of five hundred million different species of living creatures that have appeared on Earth,nearly 99 percent of them have vanished.
在這個題目的D選項中,主語nearly 99 percent of them也可以看作為一個a of b的結(jié)構(gòu),但是注意,這里謂語動詞的單復數(shù)需要和of后面的名詞保持一致,這里them指代了five hundred million different species of living creatures,其中核心詞為species(注意,這個單詞單復數(shù)同體,也就是單數(shù)和復數(shù)都是這個單詞),前面有five hundred million修飾,所以這里species為復數(shù),因此后面的謂語動詞需要用復數(shù)have vanished. GMAT備考
g)不定式短語,ving分詞短語,從句作主語,謂語通常都用單數(shù);
例句:According to some critics,watching television not only undermines one's ability to think critically but also impairs one's overall ability to perceive.
在這個句子中,主語watching television為一個ving分詞短語,因此謂語需要用單數(shù)undermines和impairs
例句:To estimate the expansion rate of the universe is a notoriously difficult problem because there is a lack of a single yardstick that all distances can be measured by.
在這個句子中,主語是一個不定式短語To estimate the expansion rate of the universe,因此位于用單數(shù)is是合理的;(這個句子本身存在其他錯誤)
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