加拿大商科研究生考試GMAT語法一般會(huì)考哪些知識(shí)點(diǎn)
語法是GMAT考試中的一個(gè)重點(diǎn),這里我們?yōu)楦魑煌瑢W(xué)整理出了GMAT語法的常考知識(shí)點(diǎn),旨在為各位的語法復(fù)習(xí)指明方向。
?定語(Attribute)
修飾,限制或說明名詞或代詞的成分。定語和中心語之間是修飾和被修飾、限制和被限制的關(guān)系。加拿大商科
(1)形容詞作定語:
a beautiful college;my little doll;green tree;silent classroom;
(2)副詞作定語:
the students here;the opinions above;
(3)數(shù)詞作定語:
two boys;ten apples;three pens;one lesson;
(4)名詞作定語:
apple tree;newspaper today;
(5)代詞作定語:
our teacher;his father;her computer;their books;
(6)非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語:
the smiling boy;the boat along the lake;nothing to do;
?狀語(Adverbial Modifier)
在句法功能中,狀語在句子里起到解釋說明的功用:狀語說明地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、方向、程度、方式和伴隨狀況等等。
非常靈活,其位置可以放在句末,但也可放在句首或句中。
(1)副詞作狀語:
she speaks English well;
(2)分詞作狀語:
looking around,he find his classroom;
(3)不定式作狀語:
I come specially to visit you;
(4)介詞短語作狀語:
ten years ago,she began to live in Beijing;
(5)從句作狀語:
If I am not busy tomorrow,I will play football with you;
?同位語(Appositive)
一個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)對(duì)另一個(gè)名詞或代詞進(jìn)行解釋或補(bǔ)充說明,這個(gè)名詞(或其它形式)就是同位語。同位語與被它限定的詞,常常緊挨在一起,緊鄰左右。
非從句形式:
(1)Mr.Smith,our new teacher,is very kind to us.
Mr.Smith是主語our new teacher的同位語,指同一人。
(2)We Chinese people are brave and hard-working.
Chinese people是we的同位語。
從句形式:
同位從句一般跟在某些名詞如answer(答案),hope(希望),fact(事實(shí)),belief(信仰),news(消息),idea(主意;觀念),promise(承諾),information(信息),conclusion(結(jié)論),order(命令),suggestion(建議),problem(問題),thought(想法)等后面。
1.The fact(that he had not said anything),surprised everybody.在本句中,括號(hào)部分是同位語從句,其先行詞是名詞fact。
2.She told us her hope(that she would become a pianist).在本句中,括號(hào)部分是同位語從句,其先行詞是名詞hope。
?獨(dú)立主格(Absolute Phrase)
獨(dú)立主格的英語表達(dá)為absolute phrase,顧名思義,它是一種修飾成分,并不是完整的句子。在英語中任何一個(gè)句子都要有主謂結(jié)構(gòu),而在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中,沒有真正的主語部分和謂語部分,但又在邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂或主表關(guān)系。所以這里需要大家從二個(gè)不同角度來看待獨(dú)立主格,一個(gè)是從語法層面看,獨(dú)立主格是修飾成分。另外一個(gè)是從邏輯語義層面看,獨(dú)立主格具有邏輯主謂關(guān)系。并且,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中做狀語功能,多用于書面語。
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為很多種,下面我們就GMAT考題中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的二種類型來稍作解析。
獨(dú)立主格類型一:
此類型的獨(dú)立主格分為二個(gè)部分構(gòu)成,前一部分+后一部分。前一部分是名詞、代詞或名詞+代詞;后一部分一般是非謂語動(dòng)詞。
例1:The work done,we went home.工作完成后,我們就回家了。
分析:the work done是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),前一部分是名詞the work,后一部分是過去分詞done。
獨(dú)立主格類型二:
此類型的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)分為三個(gè)部分構(gòu)成,又稱之為with型的獨(dú)立主格,with型的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主句邏輯關(guān)系最緊密,也是GMAT考試中最??嫉莫?dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)類型。
例1:The boy stands there,with his back against the wall.那個(gè)男孩背朝著墻站在那里。
分析:開頭為標(biāo)志詞with,前一部分是名詞+代詞his back,后一部分是介詞短語against the wall。
例2:Without a word more spoken,she left the meeting room.她沒再說什么話就離開了會(huì)議室。
分析:開頭為標(biāo)志詞without,前一部分是名詞word,后一部分是過去分詞spoken。
加拿大商科研究生考試GMAT語法一般會(huì)考哪些知識(shí)點(diǎn)
GMAT的語法部分,也就是Sentence Correction部分因?yàn)樗谡麄€(gè)verbal部分的地位最高,以至于很多同學(xué)在復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)候給予了它非常多的期待,甚至還有江湖流傳說:得語法者得GMAT考試。
平行結(jié)構(gòu)
出現(xiàn)頻率:20%難度系數(shù):(2星)
平行結(jié)構(gòu)作為GMAT考試中最大考點(diǎn),在平常學(xué)習(xí)得時(shí)候相信大家也感受到了它無處不在的魅力,任何時(shí)候平行結(jié)構(gòu)都要求其前后平行的對(duì)象是語法功能相同的。
NO.1 and
and是gmat考試必考的點(diǎn),即使不單獨(dú)設(shè)置題目也一定和其他考點(diǎn)組合著順帶考察。
NO.2 but
But在gmat語法考試中和and一樣考察平行的,所以看到but第一件事就是判斷其前后是否平行。
NO.3 both…and
Both…and搭配喜歡考察一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的搭配both…as well as;同時(shí)both…and要求前后非常嚴(yán)格的平行,both后面有什么and后面就要求有同樣語法功能的對(duì)象。
NO.4 either…or
Either…or的平行原則和both…and一致。
NO.5 not only…but also
Not only…but also這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中only可以替換成just,also可以省略。平行原則類似于both…and.
接下來我們看一道例題,了解一下平行結(jié)構(gòu)的考法長成什么樣。
Drawing on her roots in a society that has a strong tra-dition of story-telling and oral renditions of the past,Indian writer Suniti Namjoshi incorporates many types of litera-ture into her writing:including historical texts,legends,and even nursery rhymes from both Indian as well as European sources.
A)writing:including historical texts,legends,and even nursery rhymes from both Indian as well as
B)writing:historical texts,legends,and even nursery rhymes from both Indian and
C)writing:these include historical texts,legends,and even nursery rhymes from both Indian and
D)writing,which includes historical texts,legends,and even nursery rhymes both from Indian as well as
E)writing that includes historical texts,legends,and even nursery rhymes both from Indian and
本題考察both…as well as搭配錯(cuò)誤。以及both…and平行問題,根據(jù)這個(gè)點(diǎn)可以扔掉ADE。
句子架構(gòu)
出現(xiàn)頻率:60%難度系數(shù):(3星)
句子架構(gòu)是基礎(chǔ)功底要求,理論上解決所有的題目都需要用到句子架構(gòu)的能力,所以這里我們把它的比例寫的非常高。但是句子架構(gòu)真正考察的時(shí)候,喜歡考察句子架構(gòu)完整性,而考察句子架構(gòu)完整的時(shí)候,只考察句子的謂語有沒有,選項(xiàng)差異點(diǎn)是謂語和非謂語動(dòng)詞,往往我們選擇謂語動(dòng)詞。
Often visible as smog,ozone is formed in the atmosphere from hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides,two major pollutants emitted by automobiles,react with sunlight.
A)ozone is formed in the atmosphere from
B)ozone is formed in the atmosphere when
C)ozone is formed in the atmosphere,and when
D)ozone,formed in the atmosphere when
E)ozone,formed in the atmosphere from
本題考察句子架構(gòu):區(qū)分點(diǎn)謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞,只有謂語動(dòng)詞可以讓句子架構(gòu)完整,所以DE錯(cuò)誤。本題順便還考察了and前后平行問題,C選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。
比較結(jié)構(gòu)
出現(xiàn)頻率:10%難度系數(shù):(5星)
NO.1 like&as
Like表“像”是介詞,后面不可以接完整的句子。
而as表“像”是連詞,后面可以接完整的句子,不可以直接接名詞。
NO.2 more than/less than/as…as
比較結(jié)構(gòu)最基本的考察是搭配,不可以出現(xiàn)的混搭一般有以下這些:more…as;as…than;more…compared with/compared to/in comparison to;more…rather than/instead of;
另外注意出現(xiàn)數(shù)字比如20cm或者2000years等后面不能接as…as
NO.3助動(dòng)詞補(bǔ)出
名詞比較的時(shí)候往往考察有沒有資格補(bǔ)出助動(dòng)詞,記住只有和作主語的名詞比較的名詞才有資格補(bǔ)出助動(dòng)詞。
Carbon-14 dating reveals that the megalithic monuments in Brittany are nearly 2,000 years as old as any of their supposed Mediterranean predecessors.
A)as old as any of their supposed
B)older than any of their supposed
C)as old as their supposed
D)older than any of their supposedly
E)as old as their supposedly
本題典型的未劃線出現(xiàn)數(shù)字2,000 years,數(shù)字不可以和as…as原級(jí)搭配,所以ACE錯(cuò)誤。
that從句
出現(xiàn)頻率:12%難度系數(shù):(3星)
NO.1 that引導(dǎo)定語從句
that引導(dǎo)限定性定語從句,所以that和它所修飾的名詞不可以直接用逗號(hào)隔開,另外that一定要在從句中充當(dāng)主語或者賓語。
NO.2同位語從句考點(diǎn)
抽象名詞需要一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句才可以把其內(nèi)容完全表達(dá)清楚。
NO.3賓語從句考點(diǎn)
研究表明,證據(jù)表明,理論認(rèn)為的都是事實(shí),事實(shí)必須是that引導(dǎo)的從句才可以表達(dá)清楚。
代詞
出現(xiàn)頻率:10%難度系數(shù):(3星)
NO.1 it
It為特指代詞,指代名詞及其修飾語,所以考察it的時(shí)候常常喜歡和that一起考,而that僅僅指代名詞本身就可以。比如the weather in Beijing is better than that in shanghai.這個(gè)代詞that指代weather,但是如果換成it則錯(cuò)誤,因?yàn)閕t會(huì)指代the weather in Beijing這個(gè)整體,就不合理了。
NO.2 they/them/their
Gmat考察代詞they的時(shí)候喜歡考察,一個(gè)句子中同一個(gè)代詞指代不同的名詞錯(cuò)誤,比如前面看到一個(gè)they想指代a名詞,后面出現(xiàn)they或者them/their想要指代名詞b錯(cuò)誤。當(dāng)然也會(huì)簡單考察代詞單復(fù)數(shù)是否正確。
NO.3 this
Gmat考試中this只考察一個(gè)點(diǎn):就是不要裸奔,不要試圖用this指代一句話,它做不到,this要正確,必須是this car或者this case之類的場景。
Like any star of similar mass would do,once the Sun has exhausted the hydrogen in its core,it expands into a red giant,eventually ejecting its outer envelope of gases to be-come a white dwarf.
A)Like any star of similar mass would do,once the Sun has exhausted the hydrogen in its core,it expands into a red giant,eventually ejecting
B)Like any star of similar mass,once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted,then it expands into a red giant and eventually ejects
C)As in the case of any star of similar mass,once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted,it will expand into a red giant,and eventually ejecting
D)As any star of similar mass would,once the hydrogen in the Sun's core is exhausted it will expand into a red giant and will eventually eject
E)As would be the case with any star of similar mass,once the Sun exhausts the hydrogen in its core,it will expand into a red giant and eventually eject
本題首先涉及了like和as考點(diǎn),同時(shí)涉及了代詞it考點(diǎn),根據(jù)like和as考點(diǎn)可以干掉ABCD。根據(jù)it考點(diǎn)可以干掉BCD。
主謂一致
出現(xiàn)頻率:8%難度系數(shù):(2星)
NO.1主語有很長的修飾語
一般主謂一致的考題,都是考察我們能不能找到核心的主語是誰,所以往往給名詞跟很長的定語,梳理清楚之后,主語的單復(fù)數(shù)是比較容易判斷的。
NO.2倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)往往也是考察主謂一致,記住,如果你在謂語動(dòng)詞前面沒有找到主語,一定碰到了倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)的真主是緊跟謂語之后的名詞。
Out of America’s fascination with all things antique have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing back the chaise lounge,the over-stuffed sofa,and the claw-footed bathtub.
A)things antique have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing
B)things antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that is bringing
C)things that are antiques has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that bring
D)antique things have grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that are bringing
E)antique things has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that bring
本題出現(xiàn)了倒裝結(jié)構(gòu),主語是a market,謂語動(dòng)詞只能使用單數(shù)形式has grown,所以選項(xiàng)AD錯(cuò)誤。
時(shí)態(tài)
出現(xiàn)頻率:7%難度系數(shù):(4星)
時(shí)態(tài)永遠(yuǎn)是為了傳遞不同的時(shí)間概念,所以不要強(qiáng)求所有時(shí)態(tài)一致,因?yàn)闀r(shí)態(tài)就是為了服務(wù)不同的表達(dá)含義,并不是為了全世界長的一樣。所以根據(jù)場景判斷這里動(dòng)詞是怎樣的時(shí)間概念,然后根據(jù)時(shí)間概念來確定動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。
Although a surge in retail sales have raised hopes that there is a recovery finally under way,many economists say that without a large amount of spending the recovery might not last.
A)have raised hopes that there is a recovery finally
B)raised hopes for there being a recovery finally
C)had raised hopes for a recovery finally being
D)has raised hopes that a recovery is finally
E)raised hopes for a recovery finally
本題考察時(shí)態(tài),句子本身沒有明確的時(shí)間概念,通過主從句時(shí)態(tài)一致原則來判斷。主句時(shí)態(tài)是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),從句使用屬于現(xiàn)在范疇的時(shí)態(tài)比較合適,所以BCE錯(cuò)誤。
邏輯主語
出現(xiàn)頻率:6%難度系數(shù):(3星)
邏輯主語往往是doing或者done放到句首,要求句子的主語是doing或者done的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者或者接受者。
Spanning more than 50 years,Friedrich Mu?ller began his career in an unpromising apprenticeship as a Sanskrit scholar and culminated in virtually every honor that European governments and learned societies could bestow.
A)Mu?ller began his career in an unpromising apprenticeship as
B)Mu?ller’s career began in an unpromising apprenticeship as
C)Mu?ller’s career began with the unpromising apprenticeship of being
D)Mu?ller had begun his career with the unpromising apprenticeship of being
E)the career of Mu?ller has begun with an unpromising apprenticeship of
本題是典型的給出doing結(jié)果,考察邏輯主語是誰更加合適。這里spanning表示跨度和范圍,邏輯主語是career比較合適,所以AD錯(cuò)誤。
非謂語動(dòng)詞
出現(xiàn)頻率:5%難度系數(shù):(4星)
非謂語動(dòng)詞這里最喜歡考察的是SVO,doing.的結(jié)構(gòu)中,首先doing不可以跨過逗號(hào)就近修飾名詞,doing可以作主語的伴隨狀語,也可以作整句話的結(jié)果狀語。
The cameras of the Voyager II spacecraft detected six small,previously unseen moons circling Uranus,which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting the distant planet.GMAT語法
(A)which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting
(B)doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known to orbit
(C)which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known in orbit around
(D)doubling to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting
(E)which doubles to twelve the number of satellites now known that orbit
這道題目選項(xiàng)的第一個(gè)差異點(diǎn)就是在考察:結(jié)果狀語VS定語從句,前面整件事發(fā)生導(dǎo)致了后面的結(jié)果,應(yīng)該適用which指代前面一整句話還是doing作為結(jié)果狀語,在gmat考試中which不可以指代一整句話,所以ACE錯(cuò)誤。
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