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2010年托福語法筆記改錯之名詞

發(fā)布時間: 2010-08-30 00:00:00
摘要:
   名詞   一、重要的名詞   (A)重要的可數(shù)名詞   discovery,cloud,mineral,metal,material,substance,   po...

    名詞
  一、重要的名詞
  (A)重要的可數(shù)名詞
  discovery, cloud, mineral, metal, material, substance,
  population, effort, effect, animal, plant, mammal,
  insect, tree, herb, shrub, element, function, feature,
  picture, result, clue, star, reason, audience, device,
  structure, human , human being, system, fashion, kind,
  resource, source, origin, pioneer, automobile, purpose,
  style, response, number, amount, variety, quantity, type
  (B)常見的不可數(shù)名詞
  furniture, luggage, clothing, equiment, poetry, jewelry,
  machinery, weaponry, scenery, information, knowledge,
  homework, evidence, folige, advertising, health
  1. 液體不可數(shù)
  2. 自然現(xiàn)象不可數(shù):rain, sunlight,
  but a heavy rain 可以用
  3. 顆粒狀不可數(shù)
  4. 看不見摸不著的不可數(shù)
  證據(jù)不可數(shù),intelligence 不可數(shù), advice 建議皆不可數(shù)
  5. 學科不可數(shù)
  mathematics, economics, statistics, physics, politics,
  mechanics, genetics, geology, geography, chemistry,
  philosophy, biology, histroy
  6. 疾病不可數(shù): meales, munps(腮腺炎) , diabetes(糖尿病)
  7. 總稱不可數(shù)
  (C)常見的不規(guī)則名詞
  *tooth, foot 一定錯
  man-men, woman-women, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese,
  basis-bases, analysis-analyses, crisis-crises, axis-axes,
  hypothesis-hypotheses, alga-algae, lava-lavar,
  fungus-fungi, stimulus-stimuli, datum-data, medium-media,
  bacterium-bacteria, spectrum-spectra, mouse-mice,
  child-children, phonemenon-phenomena
  (D)常見的單復數(shù)同形的名詞
  aircraft, spcecraft 等 craft結(jié)尾的詞
  species, series, means(mean不加s不是名詞)
  sheep, deer, trout, carp, salmon, fish->fishes,fish
  魚類一般單復同形
  (E)單一復數(shù)意義有差異的名詞
  sky-skies(氣候) water-waters(水系,永遠不錯)
  good-goods(貨物) part-parts(才能)
  custom=customs(風俗) spectacle(風景)-spectacles(眼睛)
  letter-letters(文字) arm-arms(武器)
  force-forces (武裝力量)
 ????:這些詞加s后是另一個名詞單數(shù)還是作為復數(shù)
  (F)即可數(shù)又不可數(shù)的名詞
  不可數(shù) 可數(shù)
  paper 紙 文件
  rock 碎巖 塊巖
  collection 各種收藏品 同一種收藏品
  sugar 砂糖 方糖
  area 面積 地區(qū)
  land 面積 區(qū)域
  work 作品;工作 著作;工廠,工程,工事
  room 空間 房間
  time 時間 倍數(shù),時代
  * art, newspaper, food, beverage
  art 泛指藝術(shù) 不可數(shù)
  一種藝術(shù) an art
  各種各樣的藝術(shù) arts
  eighteen pieces of newspapers 十八張報紙
  eighteen newspapers 十八種報紙
  此類:強調(diào)種類就屬于可數(shù)

 
    二、名詞作定語的單復數(shù)問題
  (A)名詞作主語,即noun.修飾noun.,前面的名詞必須是單數(shù)
  color effects, employment agenenices, sentence form, tree trunks
  例外:a sales girl, a sales tax
  a greetings card, a sports car
  a savings bank, a communications satellite
  a systems engineering
  (B)man或woman修飾noun.時,其單復數(shù)應(yīng)該同時變
  a woman boxer->women boxers
  (C)表示某一學科的教授、學生、教科書、實驗室...時,只能用
  學科名本身修飾
  a mathematical professor 錯
  a biological textbook 錯
  the chemical lab 錯
  the highest scientific award 錯
  a mathematical model 對
  三、重要的限定詞
  (A) many + 復數(shù)
  much + 不可數(shù)n
  看見many 去找復數(shù)名詞
  as many as
  50 percent of the money
  ~~~~~~不可數(shù) ~~~~~不可數(shù)
  many和much可為代詞
  many of..., much of..., ...by many
  (B)some,any 后跟單/復數(shù), 不可數(shù)/可數(shù) 均可
  some object 某一物體
  some objects 一些物體
  some money 一些錢
  也可作代詞:some of..., any of...
  (C)few/a few, little/a little
  ~~~~~~~~+可數(shù) ~~~~~~~~~~~+不可數(shù)
  few+復數(shù)
  (D)every/each + 單可
  each major styles 錯
  each ten boys 對
  every four years 對
  (E)數(shù)詞/several + 復數(shù)
  five aircraft 對
  several setting 錯
  (F)one of/among + 復數(shù)
  * be considered (to be) +noun./adj.
  be regareded as
  be viewed as
  (G)first/only/single + 單/復均可
  the first school 第一所學校
  the first schools 第一批學校
  a single + 單可
  no single + 復可
  (H)hundred,thousand,million,billion
  five hundred boys, hundreds of boys, hundred million boys
  (I)another + 單可
  other + 復名(純粹的other)
  anyother+ 單可
  例外:other part .(part 永遠對)
  (J) a number of + 復noun. + 復Verb
  the number of + 復noun. + 單verb
  The amount fo leisue time is increasing

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